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Regulation of emotion describes ways that people attempt to regulate their emotions, for instance by denying, intensifying, weakening, curtailing, masking, or completely hiding them. Emotion regulation can also be described as the process in which people modify their emotional reactions—the coping processes that increase or decrease the intensity of the moment.〔Gross, J.J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281-291.〕 Human lives can be divided into three major stages: childhood, adolescence and adulthood. During each of these phases regulation of emotions drastically improves. There are individual differences in the way people regulate their emotions and in how well they do it. People who are good at it are seen as more emotionally intelligent. Emotion regulation is essential to socialization and is dependent on the culture one lives in as well as the specific social context of the situation. The process of regulating emotions is complex, and involves four stages:〔Siegler, Robert (2006). How Children Develop, Exploring Child Develop Student Media Tool Kit & Scientific American Reader to Accompany How Children Develop. New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 0-7167-0410-2〕 # internal feeling states (i.e. the subjective experience of emotion) # emotion-related cognitions (e.g. thought reactions to a situation) # emotion-related physiological processes (e.g. heart rate, hormonal, or other physiological reactions) # emotion-related behavior (e.g. actions or facial expressions related to emotion). Strong emotional reactions are not always desirable, may be inconsistent with social norms, or may cause physical or psychological suffering. Thus people attempt to inhibit undesirable or painful emotions and enhance desirable or pleasant emotions.〔Miller, C. (Feb. 12, 2009) Lecture, Regulation of Emotion. PPT.〕 ==Childhood== It is difficult for children to regulate their emotions. This is why whenever a child needs or wants something they often cry or throw temper tantrums until they get it. As children get older the frequency and intensity of these outbursts decline.〔Goodenough, F.C. (1931). Anger in young children. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press〕 When children learn to talk it gives them a different way to regulate their emotions. The child can now talk about what is bothering him instead of only being able to communicate through expressions or actions.〔Kopp, C.B. (1992). Emotional distress and control in young children. In N. Eisenberg & R. A. Fabes (Eds.), Emotion and its regulation in early development (New Directions in Child Development, No. 55) (pp. 41-56). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.〕 Being able to talk about emotional issues may also have a major impact on the relationship between child and parent. And as children mature they begin to argue instead of using physical violence, wait rather than wail, and contain their emotions instead of exploding into emotional rage.〔Dunn, J., & Brown, J. (1991). Relationships, talk about feelings, and the development of affect regulation in early childhood. In J.Garber & K. Dodge (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (pp.89-108). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.〕 Something else that factors into this is the development of mobility, because along with walking comes the child's ability to satisfy some of his own desires without parental involvement. This acquired autonomy also lessens the child's need for an intense signaling system.〔Campos, J.J., Kermoian, R., & Zumbahlen, M. R. (1992). Socioemotional transformations in the family system following infant crawling onset. In N. Eisenberg & R. A. Fabes (Eds.), Emotion and its regulation in early development. (New Directions in Child Development No. 55) (pp. 25-40). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Regulation of emotion」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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